![]() Neurobiologists routinely use various terms interchangeably to describe undifferentiated cells of the CNS. This discovery has fuelled a new era of research into understanding the tremendous potential that these cells hold for treatment of CNS diseases and injuries. However, there is now strong evidence that multipotent NSCs do exist, albeit only in specialized microenvironments, in the mature mammalian CNS. spinal cord and brain ischemic injuries). Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis) or injuries (e.g. The later stage of CNS development involves a period of axonal pruning and neuronal apoptosis, which fine tunes the circuitry of the CNS.Ī previously long-held dogma maintained that neurogenesis in the adult mammalian CNS was complete, rendering it incapable of mitotic divisions to generate new neurons, and therefore lacking in the ability to repair damaged tissue caused by diseases (e.g. Following this neurogenic phase, NSCs undergo asymmetric divisions to produce glial-restricted progenitors, which generate astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Intermediate neuronal progenitor cells are formed first, and these subsequently differentiate to generate to neurons. In the later stage of neural development, NSCs switch to asymmetric division cycles and give rise to lineage-restricted progenitors. During the early stage of neural development, NEPs undergo symmetric divisions to expand neural stem cell (NSC) pools. 1,2 As CNS development proceeds, NEPs give rise to temporally and spatially distinct neural stem/progenitor populations. Within these neural structures there exists a complex and heterogeneous population of neuroepithelial progenitor cells (NEPs), the earliest neural stem cell type to form. ![]() Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, collectively called glial cells, play important roles of their own, in addition to providing a critical support role for optimal neuronal functioning and survival.ĭuring mammalian embryogenesis, CNS development begins with the induction of the neuroectoderm, which forms the neural plate and then folds to give rise to the neural tube. Neurons transmit information through action potentials and neurotransmitters to other neurons, muscle cells or gland cells. The mature mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is composed of three major differentiated cell types: neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
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